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Muhammadu Buhari was born on December 17, 1942, in Daura, Katsina State. He went to Primary School in Daura and Mai’adua from 1948 – 1952, before proceeding to Katsina middle School in 1953. He attended the Katsina Provincial Secondary School (now Government College Katsina) from 1956 – 1961. On graduation from Secondary School in 1961, Buhari went to the Nigerian Military Training School, Kaduna in 1963. In October of the same year, he was sent to the officers’ Cadet School in Aldershot in the United Kingdom and was thereafter commissioned Second Lieutenant in 1963 and posted to the 2nd Infantry Battalion, Abeokuta as Platoon Commander in 1963. It was at the Abeokuta Garrison that the real traits of a great soldier were identified in the young man. From 1963 – 1964 he was sent for further training on the Platoon Commanders’ Course at the Nigerian Military College, Kaduna.

In 1965, he went for the Mechanical Transport Officers’ Course at the Army Mechanical Transport School in Borden, England. He went to the Defence Services’ Staff College, Wellington, India in 1973 and to the United States Army War College from June 1979 to June 1980. In August 1975, after General Murtala Mohammed took power, he appointed Buhari as Governor of the North-Eastern State, to oversee social, economic and political improvements in the state. In March 1976, the then Head of State, General Olusegun Obasanjo appointed Buhari as the Federal Commissioner (position now called Minister) for Petroleum and Natural Resources. When the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation was created in 1976, Buhari was also appointed as its Chairman, a position he held until 1978.

In 1983, Major-General Buhari and Major-General Tunde Idiagbon were selected to lead the country by middle and high-ranking military officers after a successful military coup d'etat that overthrew civilian President Shehu Shagari on December. In 1985, Buhari was himself overthrown in a coup led by General Ibrahim Babangida on August 27th, and other members of the ruling Supreme Military Council (SMC) ostensibly, because he insisted on investigating allegations of fraudulent award of contracts in the Ministry of Defence. Between 1995 and 1998, Buhari served as the Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF), a body created by the government of General Sani Abacha, and funded from the revenue generated by the increase in price of petroleum products, to pursue developmental projects around the country. Buhari contested the Presidential election as the candidate of the All Nigeria People's Party in 2003 and lost to former president Olusegun Obasanjo. He is currently the president of Nigeria.

Students may obtain information on the following matters from the respective sources indicated hereunder. However, whenever a students is in doubt, he should contact the Dean of students or the Student Affairs Officer. 1.0 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES In the year 2000 AD, a group of eminent Health Care Experts, that we choose to enlist as The Founding Fathers of this College, started an academic revolution of sorts in Akwa Ibom State. Their main objective was to pave the way for the establishment of a Medical School in Akwa Ibom State, a state that accounts for the fourth largest ethnic group in Nigeria, whose people were so politically conscious that they started the agitation for state creation as far back as the 1940s, but which faced neglect even in training institutions such as a University and a Medical School, as well as other institutions of higher learning at the Federal level. They pursued their objective with dogged determination and in 2001AD; having obtained the necessary instruments from the appropriate authorities, the first batch of Medical Students was admitted into the University of Uyo Medical School christened College of Health Sciences. The College of Health Sciences, like the University before it, was not given any take-off grant. The struggle was therefore that of survival for the newly established Medical School.

Through commitment of the Founding Fathers the medical school managed to survive. The initial intake which had a combined strength of 69 candidates dwindled to 37 by 2010, thanks to the determination of the young men and women who saw this as a challenge of monumental proportions for survival and decided to stay. Some out of the 69 that started fell by the wayside as is always in Medical Schools the world over; some re-located to other Medical Schools within the country, others went to other climes in order to achieve their primary objectives, and still others left the study of Medicine altogether.

The untold financial challenges that the Medical School and the University experienced meant that we could not receive the accreditation for each step of the medical training as and when due. The result was that the first and second batches of students who had been merged into one, had to spend ten years in Medical School, before achieving their objectives of becoming Medical doctors, not because they failed their examinations but because the University could not garner the resources to put in place the facilities which would guarantee their training at the required standards.

By the end of 2008 the College had been granted accreditation for only the pre-clinical part of the training. In January 2009, the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (MDCN) came for an accreditation visit to enable our students begin the Clinical aspects of their studies. The programme was already behind schedule by three years.

Between January 2009 and January 2011 however, our Medical School went through the stringent standards of the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria, and the implementation of their guidelines, obtaining the Final Clinical accreditation, and by September 2011, presented only 28 surviving students for the Final MB, BS, examinations, under the strict observer-ship of the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (MDCN). Out of that number, 17 emerged as the first graduates in Medicine from the College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo. That marked the conclusion of an event which had started ten years earlier. On December 8, 2011, this Medical School presented its first medical graduates to the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria, for the administration of the Physician’s Oath and formal admission into the Medical Profession by a release of their medical licenses in a colourful yet solemn ceremony. To complete this history, the names of the Founding Fathers of the College of Health Sciences, University of Uyo are hereby presented as follows. Professor Etim Moses Essien, OFR, FAS, eminent scholar of international repute and Professor of Haematology who was the Chairman of the group, Prof.

Attah, OON, another eminent scholar of international repute and Professor of Pathology, (Member), Prof. Essien, eminent Professor of Pharmacy (Member), Professor Joseph J. Andy, a foremost Professor of Medicine (Cardiologist) who incidentally became the pioneer Provost of the College (Member), Professor O. Bassey, one of the foremost Professors of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, and Prof. Ekong, a social Scientist, the only non-medical member of the group who was in the Committee because of his position as the Director of Academic Planning, University of Uyo, at the time. The Secretary to this group was Mr.

Special mention must also be made of Apostle Dr. Akpabio, OON, former Chairman of the Nigerian Medical and Dental Council, and National Chairman of the Nigerian Medical Association (NMA) for the role he also played in seeing to the survival of this Medical School.

These are the illustrious and patriotic sons of Akwa Ibom State who started the revolution that brought the College of Health Sciences into existence. 3.0 EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY The curriculum shall be Community-oriented and contemporary in scope, to meet the needs of the21st century.

The training shall be Community and Hospital based. The aim is to establish partnerships for the health of the community.

The educational programme shall be designed to meet the health needs of the society. 4.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim is to produce graduates who shall be well equipped a)To practice effectively in a Primary, Secondary or Tertiary Health Care Facility in an Urban or Rural area. B)To work effectively in the health team, and to assume leadership role when necessary. C)To be effective health advocates for the needs of the community d)To investigate causes of local epidemics and proffer solutions e)To be knowledgeable in health policies, health management and global health issues. F)To be capable of conducting independent research g)To be able to benefit from further specialist or further Medical Scientific training in Nigeria or anywhere else in the world. The Library in brief • The University of Uyo operates a multi-library system with Library collections at 18 locations across 5 campuses, namely: • The MainCampus at Use Offot • TheTown Campus at Ikpa Road • TheTown Campus, Annex between Ikot Ekpene and Ikpa Road • TheUniversity of Uyo Teaching Hospital at Abak Road • ThePre-Degree Studies Campus at Ediene Abak • The main campus library services the Faculties of Engineering and Science. • The Town Campus Library services the Faculties of Arts, Basic Medical Sciences, Education, Social Sciences and Pharmacy.

• The Annex Libraries at the Annex Campus services the Faculties of Agriculture, Business Administration and Law. The Genesis The idea of SERVICOM originated from the Federal Executive Council (FEC), as they watched the Nigerian system decay. They (FEC) came to a conclusion that no reform process will be credible and sustainable if government cannot demonstrate any leadership commitment with a public declaration about service delivery among other essentials. In this context, the then President, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, GCFR, set up a Nigerian Service Delivery Research Team which visited the United Kingdom (UK) in 2003 to investigate how the British Government had gone about improving its service delivery. Based on their feedback, the FEC supported the implementation of a Service Delivery programme for Nigeria.

At the Special Presidential Retreat on Service Delivery in Nigeria, the President and his Ministers entered into a Service Compact with all Nigerians- hence the birth of SERVICOM on 21st March 2004. The Compact’s Core provision says: “WE DEDICATE OURSELVES TO PROVIDING THE BASIC SERVICES TO WHICH EACH CITIZEN IS ENTITLED, TIMELY, FAIRLY, HONESTLY, EFFECTIVELY AND TRANSPARENTLY.” This was a notable step in the right direction and our prayer is that this noble imitative will not be killed by me and you for generations unborn. SERVICOM is a Service Compact (Agreement) between the Federal Government including all its organs and the Nigerian people.

SERVICOM is a social contract between the Federal Government of Nigeria and its people. It gives Nigerians the right to demand for better service. SERVICOM is all about me and you and our service to others. SERVICOM is an acronym derived from the words SERVICE COMPACT.

Simply put, SERVICOM deals with the collection of daily activities of all government agencies where services are provided to the public and put in a volume called Charter. The Charter tells the public what to expect from the service provider and what to do if the service fails or falls short of expectation. However, in UNIUYO, we call SERVICOM “The Clients’’ Friend.” This is because at every point in time, each and every one of us becomes a “Client.” At some point you need your traveling documents to be processed, your out-of-pocket expenses to be refunded, and your retirement benefits to be processed and so on. At that point, you become the “Client” to someone in charge of that service you need. SERVICOM simply says to that service provider, please treat that client fairly, timely, efficiently and friendly. Who among us will reject such a treatment when he is in need? UNIUYO SERVICOM The Uniuyo SERVICOM Unit started in January 2008 as a Committee, with the letter reference UU/REG/343/VOL. Azuro Office Serial Macbook more.

1/26, dated January 29,2008 with Prof. Etuk as Chairman and Mr. Akpaeti as Secretary. The operation of the Committee was short-lived. However, in February, 2013 the Unit was revived by the Vice-Chancellor, Prof. (Mrs.) Comfort M. Ekpo through the letter reference UU/REG/13/T/628.

The Unit has Dr. Ekpo as Chairman of the Committee and Head of Unit and Mrs.

Egwu as the Secretary and the Desk Improvement Officer. Other Officers of the Unit are the Charter Desk Officer and Customer Relations/Complaints Desk Officer.

The activities of SERVICOM UNIUYO among others include: • to make sure quality services are provided to our clients; • to set out the entitlements of the citizens • to ensure good leadership at all levels in the institution. • to educate the citizens (customers) on their rights; • to endeavour to redress areas of service failure for proper service delivery. WHY SHOULD I TELL SERVICOM It is true that many people are very reluctant to complain even when their rights are tempered with or denied. Many consider their time rather than insisting on the right things at a service point/window. These and many other reasons make people whose right to proper service has been denied to sigh and walk away.

Two implications arise from this seeming “act of humility” by many. Firstly, it gives the service provider the right to continue to perpetuate the same evil on others. Secondly, a service failure in one service point perpetuated and unchecked will spread from that point to another and the whole society will be endangered.

If you tell SERVICOM, that failure in service delivery can be nipped in the bud and our society will be better off. CONTACT US You can reach us in the following ways: • Our call lines- 2 or 8 • Our e-mail: or • Through suggestion boxes placed strategically on Campus • Our office at the University of Uyo, Town Campus.

We are there to serve you. SCHEDULE OF DUTIES FOR NODAL OFFICERS, CHARTER DESK OFFICERS, CUSTOMER RELATIONS/COMPLAINTS DESK OFFICERS AND THE SERVICE IMPROVEMENT DESK OFFICERS SCHEDULE OF DUTIES FOR NODAL OFFICERS • To supervise the activities of the Staff of the Unit • To monitor the day to day running of the Unit • To coordinate the Formulation of the MDA’s Integrated and Local Charters and make same available for public information • To coordinate all other SERVICOM matters of the MDA i.e. PROGRAMME OFFERED WITH ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS • Postgraduate Diploma in EDUCATION (Full-Time) Admission Requirements 1) All candidates must have a first degree NOT lower than Second Class Lower in relevant teaching subject from the University of Uyo or from any other recognized University by the Senate of the University of Uyo.

2) A holder of Higher National Diploma (HND) in any of the teaching subjects obtained at a credit level may also be considered for admission. 3) Candidates with Third Class whose CGPA is NOT lower than 2.00 in the first degree result may also be considered for admission. 4) Candidates with Third Class with teaching experience of five years may also be considered for admission. In each case, candidates must possess Senior Secondary School Certificate or its equivalent with at least credit passes in five subjects in not more than two sittings including English Language.

Key:HLFSDGLLUJUHTE-SNVBAGLBSA-N Y N Y Levamisole, sold under the trade name Ergamisol among others, is a medication used to treat infections. Specifically it is used for and. It is taken by mouth.

Side effects may include abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, and dizziness. Use is not recommended during or the of. Serious side effects may include an increased risk of infection. It belongs to the class of medications. Levamisole was discovered in 1966. It is on the, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a. The wholesale cost in the is about US$0.18 to US$0.33 for a course of treatment.

It is not commercially available in the United States. Levamisole is also used as a for. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • Medical uses [ ] Worms [ ] Levamisole was originally used as an to treat worm infestations in both humans and animals. Levamisole works as a that causes continued stimulation of the parasitic worm muscles, leading to paralysis. In countries that still permit the use of levamisole, the recommended dose for anthelmintic therapy is a single dose, with a repeated dose 7 days later if needed for a severe hookworm infection. Most current commercial preparations are intended for veterinary use as a in cattle, pigs, and sheep. However, levamisole has also recently gained prominence among as an effective treatment for infestations in.

Cancer [ ] After being pulled from the market in the U.S. And Canada in 1999 and 2003, respectively, levamisole has been tested in combination with to treat. Evidence from support its addition to fluorouracil therapy to benefit patients with colon cancer. In some of the leukemic cell line studies, both levamisole and showed similar effect. Other [ ] Levamisole has been used to treat a variety of dermatologic conditions, including skin infections,,,, and.

An interesting adverse side effect these reviewers reported in passing was 'neurologic excitement'. Later papers, from the Janssen group and others, indicate levamisole and its enantiomer, dexamisole, have some mood-elevating or properties, although this was never a marketed use of the drug. Adverse effects [ ] One of the more serious side effects of levamisole is, or the depletion of the white blood cells.

In particular, neutrophils appear to be affected the most. This occurs in 0.08–5% of the studied populations. There have also been reports of levamisole induced necrosis syndrome in which erythematous painful papules can appear almost anywhere on skin. It has been used as an in resulting in serious.

Metabolism [ ] Levamisole is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in the liver. Its time to peak plasma concentration is 1.5–2 hours.

The plasma elimination half-life is fairly quick at 3–4 hours which can contribute to not detecting Levamisole intoxication. The metabolite half-life is 16 hours. Levamisole's excretion is primarily through the kidneys, with about 70% being excreted over 3 days. Only about 5% is excreted as unchanged levamisole.

Drug testing of racehorse urine has led to the revelation that among levamisole equine metabolites are both and, stimulants that are forbidden by racing authorities. Further testing confirmed aminorex in human and canine urine, meaning that both humans and dogs also metabolize levamisole into aminorex. The stimulant properties of aminorex contribute to the use of levamisole as a cocaine adulterant, potentiating the reinforcing effects of cocaine. Detection in body fluids [ ] Levamisole may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine as a diagnostic tool in clinical poisoning situations or to aid in the medicolegal investigation of suspicious deaths involving adulterated street drugs. About 3% of an oral dose is eliminated unchanged in the 24-hour urine of humans. A post mortem blood levamisole concentration of 2.2 mg/L was present in a woman who died of a cocaine overdose.

Illicit use [ ] Levamisole has increasingly been used as a in sold around the globe with the highest incidence being in the USA. In 2008–2009, levamisole was found in 69% of cocaine samples seized by the (DEA). By April 2011, the DEA reported the adulterant was found in 82% of seizures. Levamisole adds bulk and weight to powdered (whereas other adulterants produce smaller 'rocks' of cocaine) and makes the drug appear purer. In a series of investigative articles for, Brendan Kiley details other rationales for levamisole's rise as an adulterant: possible stimulant effects, a similar appearance to cocaine, and an ability to pass street purity tests. Levamisole suppresses the production of, resulting in and. With the increasing use of levamisole as an, a number of these complications have been reported among cocaine users.

Levamisole has also been linked to a risk of, and two cases of vasculitic skin necrosis have been reported in users of cocaine adulterated with levamisole. Levamisole-tainted cocaine was linked to several high-profile deaths. Reports showed levamisole, along with cocaine, was present in 's body at the time of his death. Andrew Koppel, son of newsman, was also found with levamisole in his body after his death was ruled a drug overdose. In 2014 it was suspected to be involved in the death of a Sydney teenager. In response to the dangers, The Stranger, People's Harm-Reduction Alliance and DanceSafe began producing tests to identify levamisole's presence in cocaine. The kits include a survey postcard, and one revealed its presence in a 1/4-kg block of cocaine, indicating both users and dealers were using the kits.

Chemistry [ ] The original synthesis at Janssen Pharmaceutica resulted in the preparation of a of two, whose hydrochloride salt was reported to have a melting point of 264–265 °C; the free base of the racemate has a melting point of 87–89 °C. The racemic mixture is referred to as 'tetramisole' - levamisole refers only to the levorotatory enantiomer of tetramisole.

Toxicity [ ] The (intravenous, mouse) is 22 mg/kg. Laboratory use [ ] Levamisole and most of (e.g., human liver, bone, kidney, and spleen) except the intestinal and placental isoform.

It is thus used as an inhibitor along with substrate to reduce background alkaline phosphatase activity in biomedical assays involving detection signal amplification by intestinal alkaline phosphatase, for example in or protocols. It is used to immobilize the nematode on glass slides for imaging and dissection. Elegans behavioral assay, analyzing the time course of paralysis provides information about the neuromuscular junction.

Levamisole acts as an acetylcholine receptor agonist, which leads to muscle contraction. Continuing activation leads to paralysis. The time course of paralysis provides information about the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle. For example, mutants with fewer acetylcholine receptors may paralyze slower than wild type. Research [ ] It has also been studied as a method to stimulate the immune system as part of the treatment of. References [ ].

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