F1 2002 Mod 1995 Download Youtube
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Betamax Media type,, Read mechanism Write mechanism Developed by Dimensions 156 × 96 × 25 mm Usage, Betamax (also called Beta, as in its logo) is a consumer-level analog-recording and format of for. It was developed by and was released in on May 10, 1975. The first Betamax device introduced in the United States was the LV-1901 console, which included a 19-inch (48 cm) color monitor, and appeared in stores in early November 1975. The cassettes contain 0.50-inch-wide (12.7 mm) in a design similar to that of the earlier, professional 0.75-inch-wide (19 mm), format. Betamax is obsolete, having lost the to.
Production of Betamax recorders ceased in 2002; new Betamax cassettes were available until March 2016, when Sony stopped making and selling them. Like the rival videotape format VHS (introduced in Japan by JVC in October 1976 and in the United States by RCA in August 1977), Betamax has no and uses to reduce. According to Sony's history webpages, the name had a double meaning: beta is the Japanese word used to describe the way in which signals are recorded on the tape; and the shape of the lowercase Greek letter (β) resembles the course of the tape through the transport. The suffix -max, from the word 'maximum', was added to suggest greatness. In 1977, Sony issued the first long-play Betamax VCR, the SL-8200.
This VCR had two recording speeds: normal, and the newer half speed. This provided two hours' recording on the L-500 Beta videocassette. The SL-8200 was to compete against the VHS VCRs, which allowed up to 4, and later 6 and 8, hours of recording on one cassette.
Marketed a version as Betacord, which also was casually called 'Beta'. In addition to Sony and Sanyo, Beta-format video recorders were manufactured and sold by,,,, and. The and Corporations contracted with to produce VCRs for their product lines.
The department stores (in the United States and Canada) and (in Germany) sold Beta-format VCRs under their house brands, as did the chain of electronic stores. Betamax and VHS competed in a fierce, which saw VHS win in most markets. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • Home and professional recording [ ] One other major consequence of the Betamax technology's introduction to the U.S. Was the lawsuit (1984, the 'Betamax case'), with the determining home videotaping to be legal in the United States, wherein home videotape cassette recorders were a legal technology since they had substantial noninfringing uses.
This precedent was later invoked in (2005), where the high court agreed that the same 'substantial noninfringing uses' standard applies to authors and vendors of file sharing software (notably excepting those who 'actively induce' copyright infringement through 'purposeful, culpable expression and conduct'). Betamax tapes on display at a museum. For the professional and broadcast video industry, Sony derived from Betamax. Released in 1982, Betacam became the most widely used videotape format in (electronic news gathering), replacing the.75 in (19 mm) wide tape format.
Betacam and Betamax are similar in some ways: they use the same videocassette shape, use the same oxide tape formulation with the same, and record linear audio tracks in the same location of the tape. But in the key area of video recording, Betacam and Betamax are completely different. (For details, see the article.) Sony also offered a range of industrial Betamax products, a Beta I-only format for industrial and institutional users. These were aimed at the same market as equipment, but were cheaper and smaller.
The arrival of Betacam reduced the demand for both industrial Beta and U-Matic equipment. Download Medal Of Honor Allied Assault Full Rip there. Betamax also had a significant part to play in the music recording industry, when Sony introduced its (Pulse Code Modulation) digital recording system as an encoding box/ that connected to a Betamax recorder.
The Sony PCM-F1 adaptor was sold with a companion Betamax VCR SL-2000 as a portable recording system. Many recording engineers used this system in the 1980s and 1990s to make their first recordings. Initially, Sony was able to tout several Betamax-only features, such as BetaScan—a high speed picture search in either direction—and BetaSkipScan, a technique that allowed the operator to see where he was on the tape by pressing the FF key (or REW, if in that mode): the transport would switch into the BetaScan mode until the key was released. This feature is discussed in more detail on. Sony believed that the M-Load transports used by VHS machines made copying these trick modes impossible. BetaSkipScan (Peep Search) is now available on miniature M-load formats, but even Sony was unable to fully replicate this on VHS.
BetaScan was originally called 'Videola' until the company that made the threatened legal action. Sony would also sell a BetaPak, a small deck designed to be used with a camera. Concerned with the need for several pieces and cables to connect them, an integrated camera/recorder was designed, which Sony dubbed a 'Camcorder'; the result was Betamovie. Betamovie used the standard-size cassette, but with a modified transport. The tape was wrapped 300 around a smaller, 44.671 mm (1.7587 in)-diameter head drum, with a single dual-azimuth head to write the video tracks.
For playback, the tape would be inserted into a Beta-format deck. Due to the different geometry and writing techniques employed, playback within the camcorder was not feasible.
SuperBeta and industrial Betamovie camcorders would also be sold by Sony. HiFi audio upgrade [ ] In June 1983, Sony introduced high fidelity audio to videotape as Beta Hi-Fi. For, Beta HiFi worked by placing a pair of FM between the chroma (C) and luminance (Y) carriers, a process known as frequency multiplexing. Each head had a specific pair of carriers; in total, four individual channels were employed. Head A recorded its hi-fi carriers at 1.38(L) and 1.68(R) MHz, and the B head employed 1.53 and 1.83 MHz.
The result was audio with an 80 dB dynamic range, with less than 0.005% and. Prior to the introduction of Beta Hi-Fi, Sony shifted the Y carrier up by 400 kHz to make room for the four FM carriers that would be needed for Beta Hi-Fi. All Beta machines incorporated this change, plus the ability to hunt for a lower frequency pre-AFM Y carrier. Sony incorporated an 'antihunt' circuit, to stop the machine hunting for a Y carrier that wasn't there.
Some Sony NTSC models were marketed as 'Hi-Fi Ready' (with an SL-HFR prefix to the model's number instead of the usual SL or SL-HF). These Betamax decks looked like a regular Betamax model, except for a special 28-pin connector on the rear. If the user desired a Beta Hi-Fi model but lacked the funds at the time, he could purchase an 'SL-HFRxx' and at a later date purchase the separate Hi-Fi Processor.
Instacode Crack 2008 Nfl. Sony offered two outboard Beta Hi-Fi processors, the HFP-100 and HFP-200. They were identical except that the HFP-200 was capable of multi-channel TV sound, with the word 'stereocast' printed after the Beta Hi-Fi logo.
This was possible because unlike a VHS Hi-Fi deck, an NTSC Betamax didn't need an extra pair of heads. The HFP-x00 would generate the needed carriers which would be recorded by the attached deck, and during playback the AFM carriers would be passed to the HFP-x00. They also had a small 'fine tracking' control on the rear panel for difficult tapes. For, however, the bandwidth between the chroma and luminance carriers was not sufficient to allow additional FM carriers, so depth multiplexing was employed, wherein the audio track would be recorded in the same way that the video track was. The lower-frequency audio track was written first by a dedicated head, and the video track recorded on top by the video head.
The head disk had an extra pair of audio-only heads with a different azimuth, positioned slightly ahead of the regular video heads, for this purpose. Sony was confident that VHS could not achieve the same audio performance feat as Beta Hi-Fi. However, to the chagrin of Sony, JVC did develop a VHS hi-fi system on the principle of depth multiplexing approximately a year after the first Beta Hi-Fi VCR, the SL-5200, was introduced by Sony. Despite initial praise as providing 'CD sound quality', both Beta Hi-Fi and VHS HiFi suffered from 'carrier buzz', where high frequency information bled into the audio carriers, creating momentary 'buzzing' and other audio flaws. Both systems also used noise-reduction systems, which could create 'pumping' artifacts under some conditions.
Both formats also suffered from interchange problems, where tapes made on one machine did not always play back well on other machines. When this happened and if the artifacts became too distracting, users were forced to revert to the old linear soundtrack. New standards: SuperBetamax and Extended Definition Betamax [ ] In early 1985, Sony would introduce a new feature, High Band or SuperBeta, by again shifting the Y carrier—this time by 800 kHz.
This improved the bandwidth available to the Y sideband and increased the horizontal resolution from 240 to 290 lines on a regular-grade Betamax cassette. Since over-the-antenna and cable signals were only 300–330 lines resolution, SuperBeta could make a nearly identical copy of live television. However, the chroma resolution still remained relatively poor, limited to just under 0.4 MHz or approximately 30 lines resolution, whereas live broadcast resolution was over 100 lines. The heads were also narrowed to 29 to reduce crosstalk, with a narrower head gap to play back the higher carrier frequency at 5.6 MHz. Later, some models would feature further improvement, in the form of Beta-Is, a high band version of the Beta-I recording mode. There were some incompatibilities between the older Beta decks and SuperBeta, but most could play back a high band tape without major problems. SuperBeta decks had a switch to disable the SuperBeta mode for compatibility purposes.
(SuperBeta was only marginally supported outside of Sony, as many licensees had already discontinued their Betamax line.) In 1988, Sony would again push the envelope with ED Beta, or 'Extended Definition' Betamax, capable of up to 500 lines of resolution, that equaled DVD quality (480 typical). In order to store the ~6.5 MHz-wide luma signal, with the peak frequency at 9.3 MHz, Sony used a metal formulation tape borrowed from the Betacam SP format (branded 'ED-Metal') and incorporated some improvements to the transport to reduce mechanically induced aberrations in the picture. Beta ED also featured a luminance carrier deviation of 2.5 MHz, as opposed to the 1.2 MHz used in SuperBeta, improving contrast with reduced luminance noise. Sony introduced two ED decks and a camcorder in the late 1980s. The top end EDV-9500 (EDV-9300 in Canada) deck was a very capable editing deck, rivaling much more expensive U-Matic set-ups for its accuracy and features, but did not have commercial success due to lack of timecode and other pro features. Sony did market Beta ED to 'semiprofessional' users, or '. One complaint about the EDC-55 ED CAM was that it needed a lot of light (at least 25 lux), due to the use of two CCDs instead of the typical single-CCD imaging device.
The Beta ED lineup only recorded in BII/BIII modes, with the ability to play back BI/BIs. Despite the sharp decline in sales of Betamax recorders in the late 1980s and subsequent halt in production of new recorders by Sony in 2002, Betamax, SuperBetamax and EDBeta are still being used by a small number of people. Even though Sony stopped making new cassettes in 2016, new cassettes are still available for purchase at and used recorders are often found at, thrift stores or on sites. Early format cassettes—which are physically based on the Betamax cassette—continue to be available for use in the professional media. Comparison with other video formats [ ].
Size comparison between a Betamax cassette (top) and a VHS cassette (bottom). Below is a list of modern, digital-style resolutions (and traditional analog 'TV lines per picture height' measurements) for various media.
The list only includes popular formats. Note that listed resolution applies to luminance only, with chroma resolution usually halved in each dimension for digital formats, and significantly lower for analog formats. Equivalent pixel resolutions are calculated from analog line resolution numbers: Standard Digital or analogue? For reasons Betamax lost to VHS, see. The VHS format's defeat of the Betamax format became a classic case study. Sony's attempt to dictate an industry standard backfired when made the tactical decision to forgo Sony's offer of Betamax in favor of developing its own technology. JVC felt that accepting Sony's offer would yield results similar to the deal, with Sony dominating.
By 1980, JVC's VHS format controlled 60% of the North American market. The large allowed VHS units to be introduced to the European market at a far lower cost than the rarer Betamax units. In the United Kingdom, Betamax held a 25% market share in 1981, but by 1986, it was down to 7.5% and continued to decline further. By 1984, 40 companies made VHS format equipment in comparison with Beta's 12. Sony finally conceded defeat in 1988 when it, too, began producing VHS recorders (early models were made by ), though it still continued to produce Betamax recorders until 2002.
In Japan, Betamax had more success and eventually evolved into Extended Definition Betamax, with 500+ lines of resolution, but eventually both Betamax and VHS were supplanted by laser-based technology. See also [ ]. • • • • • – A picture search system pioneered with Betamax and available on most video formats since.
• – The predecessor to Betamax, using 3/4-inch tape instead of 1/2-inch. • – Competitor product developed by and using 1/4' tape format. • – Umatic's replacement. A non-compatible, high-quality standard used by television studios and other professionals. • – Betacam's replacement. A non-compatible, digital high-quality standard used by television studios and other professionals. • – A small form factor tape based upon Betamax technology, using 8 mm tape.
References [ ].
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